syntax in SQL92

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-- commenting (until end of line)

< > <= >= comparison

min / max comparison (min / max (binary or more))

= <> equality / inequality (deep)

( ... ) grouping expressions

case-insensitive tokens (case-sensitivity (keywords, variable identifiers...))

Control Flow

CASE val WHEN v1 THEN expr1 WHEN v2 THEN expr2 ELSE expr_else END multiple selection (switch)

Types

CAST(e as t) cast (upcast)

Strings

SUBSTRING(s FROM n len) extract a substring

POSITION(needle IN s) locate a substring

|| string concatenation

CHARACTER_LENGTH string size

'...' strings (verbatim)

CHAR, VARCHAR(size) type name

upper / lower uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string

Booleans

FALSE false value

TRUE true value
Bags and Lists

in is an element in the list

count list size

distinct remove duplicates

order by sort
Various Data Types

NULL optional value (null value)

Mathematics

+ / - / * / / addition / subtraction / multiplication / division

1000., 1E3 numbers syntax (decimals)

B'1', X'F' numbers syntax (integers in base 2, octal and hexadecimal)

1000 numbers syntax (integers)

NUMERIC, DECIMAL, DOUBLE PRECISION type name (decimal)

INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT type name (integers)

Remarks

(1) for C, it is not a standard convention, but it is the more widespread
(2) any string literal would work
(3) see also =head1, =head2, =over, etc
(4) need "file: %script-header.r" in file header
(5) displayed <- with a special character
(6) variable on the right
(7) the variable behaves like a pointer
(8) cf horizontal layout
(9) introduce scope
(10) ascii representation, original uses a special charset
(11) <> and # are synonyms
(12) === and !== differ from == and != when the objects' type differ
(13) for objects
(14) normal / structural / unification / arithmetic
(15) deep comparison
(16) in List::Util
(17) Univ operator
(18) procedure call
(19) the function is "f: g:"
(20) special sugar for only one parameter
(21) there really is a parameter which is the empty tuple
(22) f is a block
(23) when callee has special "&" prototype
(24) this is a block, not precisely a function, but it's alike
(25) also works for procedures: proc {$ A B} ... end
(26) x, y, z are the parameters
(27) method is optional
(28) in Lua, "return xxx" can only appear before a block end
(29) only in inline('...')
(30) "return" is used when there is no value to return
(31) only for anonymous function
(32) the result goes to "e"
(33) "break"s are mandatory, even for "default"!
(34) Perl >= 5.8.0
(35) cond
(36) see also catch/throw
(37) often provided in the abbreviated form call/cc
(38) expression "e" is cast to the type of "v"
(39) quite bad: only the reference is non-mutable whereas the object is still mutable
(40) eventual send
(41) properties are something alike attributes, but really are methods
(42) one level depth
(43) general deep copy function
(44) object cloning is the default, uses the copy constructor in C++
(45) assignment attempt
(46) does not work on builtin types
(47) see also callable(obj.meth) for unbound methods
(48) usually called self
(49) ":" is for external symbols only, recommended
(50) directory name is package name
(51) if names are exported using @EXPORT
(52) if names are not exported or are exported using @EXPORT_OK
(53) deprecated in ANSI Common Lisp, but used in ASDF
(54) using a correspondance from the package name to the file name
(55) when using format
(56) but not using the C-like %-syntax
(57) adding an end-of-line
(58) adding an end-of-line unless already newline-terminated
(59) faster than isEqual
(60) Lua 5.0
(61) is range-checked whereas a[i] is not
(62) ESI dialect
(63) beware of 0.0 which is true in Pike!
(64) &, and synonyms
(65) simple functions, not operators
(66) flattened
(67) restricted to initialisation of a local variable in C and C++
(68) a b c must be constants
(69) beware, if you give only one integer argument, it is the size!
(70) for write access: a i o put
(71) for write access: a :at i :put o
(72) list comprehension
(73) not in standard
(74) in place
(75) not standard, but nearly standard
(76) the result is not guaranteed to be the same as the order in the input
(77) Borland Pascal extension
(78) prefix
(79) postfix
(80) infix
(81) only for "access" types
(82) attribute selector
(83) returns an iterator
(84) integers are decimals
(85) with mathematical priorities
(86) APL uses a real multiplication sign for multiplication from a special character set
(87) for each various types
(88) Ruby >= 1.7
(89) log x 10
(90) see also bit-and / bit-or / bit-xor
(91) see also bit-not
(92) "stop" is now deprecated

Pixel

This document is licensed under GFDL (GNU Free Documentation License).
$Id: syntax-across-languages.html.pl 327 2006-09-25 15:47:54Z pixel $

`--`	commenting (until end of line)
`< > <= >=`	comparison
`min / max`	comparison (min / max (binary or more))
`= <>`	equality / inequality (deep)
`( ... )`	grouping expressions
`case-insensitive`	tokens (case-sensitivity (keywords, variable identifiers...))

`SUBSTRING(s FROM n len)`	extract a substring
`POSITION(needle IN s)`	locate a substring
`\|\|`	string concatenation
`CHARACTER_LENGTH`	string size
`'...'`	strings (verbatim)
`CHAR, VARCHAR(size)`	type name
`upper / lower`	uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string

`in`	is an element in the list
`count`	list size
`distinct`	remove duplicates
`order by`	sort

`+ / - / * / /`	addition / subtraction / multiplication / division
`1000., 1E3`	numbers syntax (decimals)
`B'1', X'F'`	numbers syntax (integers in base 2, octal and hexadecimal)
`1000`	numbers syntax (integers)
`NUMERIC, DECIMAL, DOUBLE PRECISION`	type name (decimal)
`INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT`	type name (integers)

`FALSE`	false value
`TRUE`	true value