Mathematics

• type name

  integers

  short, int, long	C, C#
  int	OCaml, YAML
  Int	Perl6
  Int, uInt, Int8, Int16...	Pliant
  integer	Maple
  INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT	SQL92
  INTEGER, INTEGER_8, NATURAL_8...	Eiffel
  int8,uint8,int16,uint16,...64	Matlab

  decimal

  float, double	C, C#
  float	Maple, OCaml, YAML
  Float, Float32, Float64	Pliant
  NUMERIC, DECIMAL, DOUBLE PRECISION	SQL92
  Rat	Perl6
  DOUBLE, REAL	Eiffel
  single, double	Matlab

• numbers syntax

  integers

  1000	Ada, Awk, B, C, C#, C++, E, Eiffel, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Maple, merd, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, sh, Smalltalk, SQL92, Tcl
  1000, 1000.	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  1000, 1000., 1000.0	Awk, Matlab
  1000, '1000'D	Classic REXX

  integers in base 2, octal and hexadecimal

  0b1, 07, 0xf	Oz, Perl, Pike, Ruby
  0b1, 0o7, 0xf	OCaml, Perl6
  07, 0xf	Awk, C, C++, JavaScript, Python, Tcl
  0xf	C#, E
  07	B
  0o7, 0xf	Haskell
  1b	Eiffel
  2#1#, 8#7#, 16#f#	Ada
  2#{1}, #{F}	Rebol
  #b1, #o7, #xf	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  #2r1, #8r7, #16rf	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  1b, Fh	Pliant
  '1'B, 'F'X	Classic REXX
  B'1', X'F'	SQL92

  integer thousand-seperator

  1_000, 10_00, 100_0	E, Eiffel, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  1'000, 10'00, 100'0	Rebol
  1_000	Ada, merd

  decimals

  1000., 1E3	Ada, C, C++, Classic REXX, E, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Maple, OCaml, Python, Scheme, SQL92, Tcl
  1000., 1E3, 1,0	Rebol
  1000., 1.E3	Eiffel, Oz
  1000.0, 1E3	C#, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Pike, Prolog, Ruby, Smalltalk
  1000.0, 1.0E3	Haskell
  1000, 1000.0, 1E3 (84)	Awk, merd, Perl, Perl6

• addition / subtraction / multiplication / division

  + / - / * / /	C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, Java, Logo, Maple, Matlab, merd, MUMPS, Perl, Perl6, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Scheme, sh, Smalltalk, SQL92, Tcl
  + +. / - -. / * *. / / /. (85)	OCaml
  sum / difference / product / quotient	Logo
  add / sub / mul / idiv div	PostScript

• exponentiation (power)

  **	Ada, Classic REXX, E, Fortran, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PL/I, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby
  ^	Awk, Dylan, Eiffel, Lua, Matlab, Pliant
  * (86)	APL
  **, ^	Maple
  **, ^ and ^^ (87)	Haskell
  pow	C, C++, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike, Python, SML, Tcl
  Pow	C#, Oz
  power	Delphi-Kylix, Logo, Rebol
  exp	PostScript
  expt	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  raisedTo	Smalltalk

• negation

  -	Ada, Awk, B, BCPL, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Common Lisp, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Maple, Matlab, merd, MUMPS, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, sh, Smalltalk, Tcl
  - -.	OCaml
  ~	Oz
  neg	PostScript
  negate	Rebol
  minus	Logo

• random

  random number

  rand	Maple, Matlab, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  random	Logo, Prolog
  $RANDOM	MUMPS
  Random.int	OCaml
  r: RANDOM create r.make r.start r.item	Eiffel

  seed the pseudo random generator

  srand	Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  set_seed	Eiffel
  Random.init, Random.self_init	OCaml
  rand('state',...)	Matlab
  rerandom	Logo
  RandomTools[MersenneTwister][SetState]	Maple

• operator priorities and associativities

  addition vs multiplication

  mathematical	C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Eiffel, Haskell, Java, Maple, Matlab, merd, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby, sh, Tcl
  same priorities	MUMPS, Smalltalk

  exponentiation vs negation (is -3^2 equal to 9 or -9)

  mathematical	Classic REXX, Eiffel, Haskell, Maple, Matlab, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby
  negation first	OCaml

• square root / e-exponential / absolute value

  sqrt / exp / abs	Ada, C, C++, Common Lisp, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, SML, Tcl
  sqrt realsqrt / exp / abs	Matlab
  sqrt / exp /	Awk, Logo
  Sqrt / Exp / Abs	C#, Oz
  sqrt / / abs	PostScript
  Sqrt / / ABS	Modula-3
  / exp / abs	Pliant
  sqrt / /	Pike
  square-root / exp / abs or absolute	Rebol
  Sqrt / Exp / ABS	Classic REXX

• trigonometry

  basic

  sin / cos / tan	Ada, C, C++, Common Lisp, E, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Matlab, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, SML, Tcl
  Sin / Cos / Tan	C#, Classic REXX, Oz
  sin / cos /	Awk, PostScript
  sine / cosine / tangent	Eiffel, Rebol
  radsin / radcos / radtan	Logo

  inverse

  asin / acos / atan (88)	Ada, C, C++, Common Lisp, JavaScript, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Scheme
  asin / acos / atan / atan2	Matlab
  Asin / Acos / Atan	C#, Oz
  ASin / ACos / ATan	Classic REXX
  arcsin / arccos / arctan	Maple
  arcSin / arcCos / arcTan	Smalltalk
  arcsine / arccosine / arctangent	Rebol
  arc_sine / arc_cosine / arc_tangent	Eiffel
  / / atan	PostScript
  / / radarctan	Logo

• logarithm

  log / log10	C, C++, Eiffel, Lua, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Tcl
  log / log10 / log2	Matlab
  log /	Awk, E, Emacs Lisp, Java, JavaScript, Pike, Scheme
  log / logBase 10	Haskell
  Log / Log10	C#, Classic REXX
  Log /	Oz
  Log / Log(X => val, Base => 10.0)	Ada
  log / (89)	Common Lisp
  log,ln / log[10]	Maple
  ln /	Pascal
  ln / log10	Delphi-Kylix, Logo
  ln / log	PostScript, SML
  ln / log: 10	Smalltalk
  log-e / log-10 / log-2	Rebol

• euclidian division (both quotient and modulo)

  divmod	Python, Ruby
  divMod	Haskell
  div ldiv lldiv	C
  IntInf.quotrem	SML
  floor	Common Lisp, Dylan

• modulo

  modulo of -3 / 2 is 1

  %	Classic REXX, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Python, Ruby, Tcl
  %%	E
  \\	Smalltalk
  mod	Ada, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, Matlab, Prolog, SML
  MOD	Modula-3
  modulo	Dylan, Logo, Ruby
  rem	Prolog

  modulo of -3 / 2 is -1

  %	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, E, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pliant
  #	MUMPS
  mod	Lua, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, PostScript, Prolog, XPath
  remainder	Logo, Ruby, Scheme
  rem	Ada, BCPL, Matlab, Smalltalk
  //	Classic REXX, Rebol
  \\	Eiffel

• truncate / round / floor / ceil

  trunc / round / floor / ceil	C, C++, Maple, Matlab
  truncate / round / floor / ceiling	Common Lisp, Perl6, PostScript, Prolog, Scheme
  int / round / floor / ceil	JavaScript, Pike, Python
  int / round / /	Logo
  to_i, Integer() / round / floor / ceil	Ruby
  TRUNC / FORMAT / Floor / Ceil	Classic REXX
  / round / floor / ceil	E, Java, Lua, PHP, SML, Tcl
  / Round / Floor / Ceiling	C#
  / Round / Floor / Ceil	Oz
  / round / floor / ceiling	Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, PostScript, XPath
  / ROUND / FLOOR / CEILING	Modula-3
  / rounded / floor / ceiling	Eiffel, Smalltalk
  int / / floor / ceil	Perl
  int_of_float / / floor / ceil	OCaml
  / / floor / ceil	Lua
  / Rounding / Floor / Ceiling	Ada
  to-integer / / /	Rebol

• bitwise operators

  and / or / xor

  & / | / ^	C, C#, C++, E, Eiffel, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby
  & / |	YCP
  +& / +| / +^	Perl6
  and / or / xor	PostScript, Rebol
  land / lor / lxor	OCaml
  logand / logior / logxor (90)	Common Lisp
  bitand / bitor / bitxor	Logo, Matlab
  BITAND / BITOR / BITXOR	Classic REXX
  /\ / \/ / xor	Prolog

  negation

  ~	C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, YCP
  not	Eiffel, PostScript
  lnot	OCaml
  lognot (91)	Common Lisp
  bitnot	Eiffel, Logo
  complement	Rebol
  bitcmp	Matlab
  \	Prolog

  left shift / right shift / unsigned right shift

  << / >> / >>>	Java, JavaScript
  << / >>	C, C#, C++, Perl, Pike, Prolog, Python, Ruby, YCP
  |<< / |>>	Eiffel
  lsl / lsr or asr	OCaml
  bitshift	Matlab, PostScript
  ashift lshift	Logo
  (ash x positive-integer) / (ash x negative-integer) /	Common Lisp

Remarks

• (1) for C, it is not a standard convention, but it is the more widespread
• (2) any string literal would work
• (3) see also =head1, =head2, =over, etc
• (4) need "file: %script-header.r" in file header
• (5) displayed <- with a special character
• (6) variable on the right
• (7) the variable behaves like a pointer
• (8) cf horizontal layout
• (9) introduce scope
• (10) ascii representation, original uses a special charset
• (11) <> and # are synonyms
• (12) === and !== differ from == and != when the objects' type differ
• (13) for objects
• (14) normal / structural / unification / arithmetic
• (15) deep comparison
• (16) in List::Util
• (17) Univ operator
• (18) procedure call
• (19) the function is "f: g:"
• (20) special sugar for only one parameter
• (21) there really is a parameter which is the empty tuple
• (22) f is a block
• (23) when callee has special "&" prototype
• (24) this is a block, not precisely a function, but it's alike
• (25) also works for procedures: proc {$ A B} ... end
• (26) x, y, z are the parameters
• (27) method is optional
• (28) in Lua, "return xxx" can only appear before a block end
• (29) only in inline('...')
• (30) "return" is used when there is no value to return
• (31) only for anonymous function
• (32) the result goes to "e"
• (33) "break"s are mandatory, even for "default"!
• (34) Perl >= 5.8.0
• (35) cond
• (36) see also catch/throw
• (37) often provided in the abbreviated form call/cc
• (38) expression "e" is cast to the type of "v"
• (39) quite bad: only the reference is non-mutable whereas the object is still mutable
• (40) eventual send
• (41) properties are something alike attributes, but really are methods
• (42) one level depth
• (43) general deep copy function
• (44) object cloning is the default, uses the copy constructor in C++
• (45) assignment attempt
• (46) does not work on builtin types
• (47) see also callable(obj.meth) for unbound methods
• (48) usually called self
• (49) ":" is for external symbols only, recommended
• (50) directory name is package name
• (51) if names are exported using @EXPORT
• (52) if names are not exported or are exported using @EXPORT_OK
• (53) deprecated in ANSI Common Lisp, but used in ASDF
• (54) using a correspondance from the package name to the file name
• (55) when using format
• (56) but not using the C-like %-syntax
• (57) adding an end-of-line
• (58) adding an end-of-line unless already newline-terminated
• (59) faster than isEqual
• (60) Lua 5.0
• (61) is range-checked whereas a[i] is not
• (62) ESI dialect
• (63) beware of 0.0 which is true in Pike!
• (64) &, and synonyms
• (65) simple functions, not operators
• (66) flattened
• (67) restricted to initialisation of a local variable in C and C++
• (68) a b c must be constants
• (69) beware, if you give only one integer argument, it is the size!
• (70) for write access: a i o put
• (71) for write access: a :at i :put o
• (72) list comprehension
• (73) not in standard
• (74) in place
• (75) not standard, but nearly standard
• (76) the result is not guaranteed to be the same as the order in the input
• (77) Borland Pascal extension
• (78) prefix
• (79) postfix
• (80) infix
• (81) only for "access" types
• (82) attribute selector
• (83) returns an iterator
• (84) integers are decimals
• (85) with mathematical priorities
• (86) APL uses a real multiplication sign for multiplication from a special character set
• (87) for each various types
• (88) Ruby >= 1.7
• (89) log x 10
• (90) see also bit-and / bit-or / bit-xor
• (91) see also bit-not