syntax across languages per category

Strings

char[] C

char const[] C++

string C#, C++, Maple, OCaml, Pascal, Pike, YCP

string! Rebol

String Ada, C#, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, merd, Smalltalk, Visual Basic

STRING Eiffel

str YAML

Str Perl6, Pliant

NSString * Objective-C

CHAR, VARCHAR(size) SQL92

character type name

char C, C#, C++, OCaml

char! Rebol

Char Haskell, merd, Perl6

Character Ada, Smalltalk

CHARACTER Eiffel

character "z"

'z' Ada, B, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, E, Eiffel, Haskell, Matlab, OCaml, Pascal, Pike, Prolog

"z" Classic REXX, Maple, merd, sh

"z Logo

$z Smalltalk

#\z Common Lisp, Scheme

#"z" Rebol

&z Oz

?z Emacs Lisp, Ruby

'z' "z" Prolog

strings

verbatim

'...' Beta, Classic REXX, JavaScript, Lua, Matlab, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Prolog, Python, Ruby, sh, Smalltalk, SQL92, YAML

"..." Ada, Awk, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Common Lisp, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, FL, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Modula-3, MUMPS, OCaml, Oz, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Scheme, SML, YAML, YCP

"... Logo

"..." or '...' XPath

'''...''', """...""" Python

[[ ... ]] Lua

<<'MARK' ... MARK Perl, Ruby, sh

{...{...}...} Tcl

(...) PostScript

q(...(...)...), q[...], q{...}, q<...>, q/.../ Perl, Perl6

%q(...(...)...), %q[...], %q{...}, %q<...>, %q/.../ Ruby

q(...(...)...) merd

@"...""..." C#

@"..." Objective-C

with interpolation

"... $v ..." Perl, Perl6, PHP, sh, Tcl

"... {v} ..." merd

"... #{v} ..." "... #$v ..." "... #@v ..." "... #@@v ..." Ruby

<<MARK ... $v ... MARK Perl, sh

<<MARK ... #{v} ... MARK Ruby

<<<MARK ... $v ... MARK PHP

[ subst {...{... $v ...}...} ] Tcl

qq(...(... $v ...)...), qq[...], qq{...}, qq<...>, qq/.../ Perl, Perl6

%Q(...(... #{v} ...)...), %Q[...], %Q{...}, %Q<...>, %Q/.../ Ruby

qq(...(... {v} ...)...) merd

"... %(v)s ..." % vars() Python

end-of-line (without writing the real CR or LF character)

"\n" C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Python, Ruby, YCP, Yorick

"*n" B, BCPL

"%N" Eiffel

"^/" Rebol

"~%" (55) Common Lisp

"[lf]" Pliant

vb_nl Visual Basic

multi-line

all strings allow multi-line strings Common Lisp, E, Emacs Lisp, Maple, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, Ruby, Scheme, YCP

@"..." C#

'''...''', """...""" Python

[[ ... ]] Lua

{...} Rebol

"...\n" "...\n" C

... "...\n\ \...\n" Haskell

"...", "..." Classic REXX

"...%N% %...%N" Eiffel

convert something to a string (see also string interpolation)

show Haskell

to_s, to_str, inspect, String() Ruby

to_string merd, Pliant

tostring Lua, YCP

toString Java, JavaScript

ToString C#

String JavaScript

perl Perl6

Dumper Perl

"" . e Perl

"" ~ e Perl6

"" + e E, Java, JavaScript

string Pliant

str, `e`, repr Python

out Eiffel

cvs PostScript

'Image Ada

asString printString Smalltalk

as(<string>, e) Dylan

(string) e Pike

convert(e,string) Maple

(coerce e 'string) Common Lisp

prin1-to-string Emacs Lisp

to string! / to-string / to "" Rebol

description Objective-C

serialize (marshaling)

export-clixml MSH

Marshal.to_string OCaml

Marshal.dump Ruby
unserialize (un-marshaling)

import-clixml MSH

Marshal.from_string OCaml

Marshal.load Ruby
sprintf-like

sprintf Awk, C, C++, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Ruby

% Python, Ruby

format (56) Common Lisp, Erlang, Scheme-SRFI28

Format C#

putFormat Beta

stringWithFormat Objective-C

simple print

on strings

puts C, Dylan

print Awk, Basic, Java, Maple, merd, PHP, SML

write JavaScript, Pascal, Pike, Yorick

putStr Haskell

print_string OCaml

console Pliant

writeln JavaScript, Pascal

write-string Common Lisp

putStrLn Haskell

Put_Line Ada

display Cobol

message Emacs Lisp

put_string Eiffel

show Smalltalk

print_endline (57) OCaml

println (57) Java, merd

put_chars Erlang

echo PHP

echo (57) sh

emit Forth

putText Beta

say Classic REXX

on simple objects

print Perl, Perl6

say (57) Perl6

puts (57) Tcl

on any objects

print Logo, Ruby

print (57) Dylan, Haskell, Python, Rebol

prin Rebol

display write Scheme

Put Ada

p (57) Ruby

puts (58) Ruby

write Prolog

write prin1 princ print Common Lisp

princ prin1 Emacs Lisp

WriteLine C#

nothing - just remove ";" at the end of the expression, and it will print it Matlab

disp Matlab

printf-like

printf Awk, C, C++, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Ruby

write Pike

WriteLine C#

putFormat Beta

format (56) Common Lisp, Prolog

string equality & inequality

eq ne Perl, Perl6, Tcl

strcmp C, Matlab

== != JavaScript, Pike

isEqualToString (59) Objective-C

= \= Prolog

== != Awk, C#, C++, E, merd, Python, Ruby, YCP

== /= Haskell

== \= Oz

= != Maple, sh, XPath

= /= Ada

= \= Classic REXX

= <> Beta, OCaml, Pliant, SML, Visual Basic

= ~= Dylan, Smalltalk

== \== or = <> \= Classic REXX

== ~= Matlab

equal? Ruby, Scheme

equals Java

equal, equalp Common Lisp

is_equal Eiffel

isEqual Objective-C

string size

length Awk, Beta, C++, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Maple, Matlab, Objective-C, OCaml, Perl, PostScript, Ruby

LENGTH Classic REXX

'Length Ada

length? Rebol

size C++, E, Ruby, Smalltalk, SML, YCP

Length C#, Modula-3, Oz, Pascal

len Pliant, Python, Visual Basic

strlen C, PHP

string-length Scheme, XPath

sizeof Pike

count Eiffel, Logo

bytes chars Perl6

CHARACTER_LENGTH SQL92

string concatenation

+ C#, C++, E, Eiffel, Java, JavaScript, merd, MSH, Pascal, Pike, Pliant, Python, Ruby, YCP

. Perl, PHP

, Smalltalk

.. Lua

~ Perl6

& Ada, Modula-3, Visual Basic

^ OCaml, SML

_ MUMPS

|| Cecil, Classic REXX, Icon, Maple, PL/I, SQL92

++ Haskell

$a$b sh, Tcl

concatenate Common Lisp, Dylan

string-append Scheme

cat Maple

Cat Modula-3

strcat C

concat XPath

append Beta, Prolog, Rebol

stringByAppendingString Objective-C

Awk, Classic REXX

[string1 string2] Matlab

word Logo

duplicate n times

* Ada, E, Pike, Python, Ruby

x Perl, Perl6

times merd

repeat Pliant

str_repeat PHP

string repeat Tcl

strrep Lua

repmat Matlab

insert/dup Rebol

COPIES Classic REXX

upper / lower case character

upcase / downcase Emacs Lisp, Ruby

uc / lc Perl, Perl6

upper / lower Matlab, Pliant, Python

toUpper / toLower Haskell

to_upper / to_lower Eiffel

To_Upper / To_Lower Ada

toUpperCase / toLowerCase E, Java, JavaScript

upper_case / lower_case Pike

uppercase / lowercase Logo, OCaml

strupper / strlower Lua

upper / lower (60) Lua

ToUpper / ToLower C#, Oz

toupper / tolower Awk, C, C++

string toupper / string tolower Tcl

asLowercase / asUppercase Smalltalk

upCase / lowCase Beta

uppercase form / lowercase form Rebol

char-upcase / char-downcase Common Lisp, Scheme

StringTools[UpperCase] / StringTools[LowerCase] Maple

uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string

upcase / downcase Emacs Lisp, Ruby

upper / lower Matlab, Python, SQL92

uppercase/lowercase Logo, OCaml, Rebol

upcase_atom/downcase_atom Prolog

toUpperCase / toLowerCase E, Java, JavaScript

ToUpper / ToLower C#

to_upper / to_lower Ada, Eiffel

toupper / tolower Awk, YCP

uc / lc Perl, Perl6

UpperCase / LowerCase Pascal

uppercaseString / lowercaseString / capitalizedString Objective-C

UCase / LCase Visual Basic

strtoupper / strtolower PHP

strupper / strlower Lua

string toupper / string tolower Tcl

string-upcase / string-downcase Common Lisp, Scheme

asLowercase / asUppercase Smalltalk

makeLC / makeUC Beta

parse upper var in_var out_var / parse lower var in_var out_var Classic REXX

ascii to character

chr Haskell, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, Ruby, SML

chr$ Visual Basic

char Matlab

format %c $c Tcl

toChar E

strchar Lua

from_integer Eiffel

fromCharCode JavaScript

character Pliant

Character value: c Smalltalk

code-char Common Lisp

integer->char Scheme

'Val Ada

(char) c C, C#, C++, Java

to char! / to-char Rebol

X2C, D2C Classic REXX

$CHAR(s) MUMPS

char_code Prolog

ascii Logo

StringTools[Char] Maple

character to ascii

ord Haskell, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, SML

asc Visual Basic

getNumericValue Java

charCodeAt JavaScript

asciiValue Smalltalk

code Eiffel, OCaml

char-code Common Lisp

char->integer Scheme

s[0] Ruby

s 0 get PostScript

scan $s %c Tcl

strbyte Lua

toInteger E

'Pos Ada

number Pliant

(int) c C, C#, C++, Java

to integer! / to-integer Rebol

C2X, C2D Classic REXX

$ASCII(s) MUMPS

(done automatically when applying mathematical operations on char, such as +) Matlab

char Logo

char_code Prolog

StringTools[Ord] Maple

accessing n-th character

s[n] C, C#, C++, E, Maple, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby

s(n) Ada, Matlab

s:n Pliant

s.[n] OCaml

s !! n Haskell

s @ n Eiffel

s/:n Rebol

string index s n Tcl

sub SML

char, aref, schar, svref Common Lisp

GetChar Modula-3

at Smalltalk

at (61) C++

aref Common Lisp

char(s, i) B

charAt Java, JavaScript

characterAtIndex Objective-C

n -> s.inxGet Beta

string-ref Scheme

$EXTRACT(s, n) MUMPS

item Logo

extract a substring

s[n..m] Maple, Pike, Ruby

s(n..m) Ada

s(n:m) Matlab

s(n,m+1) E

s[n:m+1] Python

s[n,len] Ruby

s n len Pliant

strndup(s + n, len) C

substring Eiffel, Java, Scheme, SML, XPath, YCP

Substring C#

substr C++, Perl, Perl6, PHP

SUBSTR Classic REXX

sub OCaml

SUB Modula-3

subseq Common Lisp

slice JavaScript

mid$ JavaScript

range Tcl

copy/part at s n len Rebol

copy/part at s n at s m Rebol

s copyFrom: n to: m Smalltalk

(n,m)->s.sub Beta

[s substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(n, len)] Objective-C

SUBSTRING(s FROM n len) SQL92

$EXTRACT(s, n, m) MUMPS

sub_string / sub_atom Prolog

locate a substring

index Perl, Perl6, Ruby

indexOf Java, JavaScript

IndexOf C#

startOf E

search Common Lisp, Pike, PostScript

StringTools[Search] Maple

strstr / strchr / index C

find Logo, Rebol, YCP

find / index Python

strfind Matlab

$FIND MUMPS

index / index_non_blank / find_token Ada

substring_index Eiffel

rangeOfString Objective-C

POS Classic REXX

POSITION(needle IN s) SQL92

sub_string / sub_atom Prolog

locate a substring (starting at the end)

rindex OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Ruby

rfind C++

rfind / rindex Python

find/last Rebol

/ strrchr / rindex C

index(Going => Backward) Ada

lastStartOf E

lastIndexOf Java, JavaScript

last_index_of (62) Eiffel

LastIndexOf C#

(search substring string :from-end t) Common Lisp

[string rangeOfString:substring options:NSBackwardsSearch] Objective-C

LASTPOS Classic REXX

t=strfind(s,p), t(end) Matlab

StringTools[SearchAll](s,p)[-1] Maple

Remarks

(1) for C, it is not a standard convention, but it is the more widespread
(2) any string literal would work
(3) see also =head1, =head2, =over, etc
(4) need "file: %script-header.r" in file header
(5) displayed <- with a special character
(6) variable on the right
(7) the variable behaves like a pointer
(8) cf horizontal layout
(9) introduce scope
(10) ascii representation, original uses a special charset
(11) <> and # are synonyms
(12) === and !== differ from == and != when the objects' type differ
(13) for objects
(14) normal / structural / unification / arithmetic
(15) deep comparison
(16) in List::Util
(17) Univ operator
(18) procedure call
(19) the function is "f: g:"
(20) special sugar for only one parameter
(21) there really is a parameter which is the empty tuple
(22) f is a block
(23) when callee has special "&" prototype
(24) this is a block, not precisely a function, but it's alike
(25) also works for procedures: proc {$ A B} ... end
(26) x, y, z are the parameters
(27) method is optional
(28) in Lua, "return xxx" can only appear before a block end
(29) only in inline('...')
(30) "return" is used when there is no value to return
(31) only for anonymous function
(32) the result goes to "e"
(33) "break"s are mandatory, even for "default"!
(34) Perl >= 5.8.0
(35) cond
(36) see also catch/throw
(37) often provided in the abbreviated form call/cc
(38) expression "e" is cast to the type of "v"
(39) quite bad: only the reference is non-mutable whereas the object is still mutable
(40) eventual send
(41) properties are something alike attributes, but really are methods
(42) one level depth
(43) general deep copy function
(44) object cloning is the default, uses the copy constructor in C++
(45) assignment attempt
(46) does not work on builtin types
(47) see also callable(obj.meth) for unbound methods
(48) usually called self
(49) ":" is for external symbols only, recommended
(50) directory name is package name
(51) if names are exported using @EXPORT
(52) if names are not exported or are exported using @EXPORT_OK
(53) deprecated in ANSI Common Lisp, but used in ASDF
(54) using a correspondance from the package name to the file name
(55) when using format
(56) but not using the C-like %-syntax
(57) adding an end-of-line
(58) adding an end-of-line unless already newline-terminated
(59) faster than isEqual
(60) Lua 5.0
(61) is range-checked whereas a[i] is not
(62) ESI dialect

Pixel

This document is licensed under GFDL (GNU Free Documentation License).
$Id: syntax-across-languages.html.pl 327 2006-09-25 15:47:54Z pixel $

`char[]`	C
`char const[]`	C++
`string`	C#, C++, Maple, OCaml, Pascal, Pike, YCP
`string!`	Rebol
`String`	Ada, C#, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, merd, Smalltalk, Visual Basic
`STRING`	Eiffel
`str`	YAML
`Str`	Perl6, Pliant
`NSString *`	Objective-C
`CHAR, VARCHAR(size)`	SQL92

`char`	C, C#, C++, OCaml
`char!`	Rebol
`Char`	Haskell, merd, Perl6
`Character`	Ada, Smalltalk
`CHARACTER`	Eiffel

`'z'`	Ada, B, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, E, Eiffel, Haskell, Matlab, OCaml, Pascal, Pike, Prolog
`"z"`	Classic REXX, Maple, merd, sh
`"z`	Logo
`$z`	Smalltalk
`#\z`	Common Lisp, Scheme
`#"z"`	Rebol
`&z`	Oz
`?z`	Emacs Lisp, Ruby
`'z' "z"`	Prolog

`'...'`	Beta, Classic REXX, JavaScript, Lua, Matlab, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Prolog, Python, Ruby, sh, Smalltalk, SQL92, YAML
`"..."`	Ada, Awk, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Common Lisp, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, FL, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Modula-3, MUMPS, OCaml, Oz, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Scheme, SML, YAML, YCP
`"...`	Logo
`"..." or '...'`	XPath
`'''...''', """..."""`	Python
`[[ ... ]]`	Lua
`<<'MARK' ... MARK`	Perl, Ruby, sh
`{...{...}...}`	Tcl
`(...)`	PostScript
`q(...(...)...), q[...], q{...}, q<...>, q/.../`	Perl, Perl6
`%q(...(...)...), %q[...], %q{...}, %q<...>, %q/.../`	Ruby
`q(...(...)...)`	merd
`@"...""..."`	C#
`@"..."`	Objective-C

`"... $v ..."`	Perl, Perl6, PHP, sh, Tcl
`"... {v} ..."`	merd
`"... #{v} ..." "... #$v ..." "... #@v ..." "... #@@v ..."`	Ruby
`<<MARK ... $v ... MARK`	Perl, sh
`<<MARK ... #{v} ... MARK`	Ruby
`<<<MARK ... $v ... MARK`	PHP
`[ subst {...{... $v ...}...} ]`	Tcl
`qq(...(... $v ...)...), qq[...], qq{...}, qq<...>, qq/.../`	Perl, Perl6
`%Q(...(... #{v} ...)...), %Q[...], %Q{...}, %Q<...>, %Q/.../`	Ruby
`qq(...(... {v} ...)...)`	merd
`"... %(v)s ..." % vars()`	Python

`"\n"`	C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Python, Ruby, YCP, Yorick
`"*n"`	B, BCPL
`"%N"`	Eiffel
`"^/"`	Rebol
`"~%" (55)`	Common Lisp
`"[lf]"`	Pliant
`vb_nl`	Visual Basic

`all strings allow multi-line strings`	Common Lisp, E, Emacs Lisp, Maple, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, Ruby, Scheme, YCP
`@"..."`	C#
`'''...''', """..."""`	Python
`[[ ... ]]`	Lua
`{...}`	Rebol
`"...\n" "...\n"`	C
`... "...\n\ \...\n"`	Haskell
`"...", "..."`	Classic REXX
`"...%N% %...%N"`	Eiffel

`show`	Haskell
`to_s, to_str, inspect, String()`	Ruby
`to_string`	merd, Pliant
`tostring`	Lua, YCP
`toString`	Java, JavaScript
`ToString`	C#
`String`	JavaScript
`perl`	Perl6
`Dumper`	Perl
`"" . e`	Perl
`"" ~ e`	Perl6
`"" + e`	E, Java, JavaScript
`string`	Pliant
str, `e`, repr	Python
`out`	Eiffel
`cvs`	PostScript
`'Image`	Ada
`asString printString`	Smalltalk
`as(<string>, e)`	Dylan
`(string) e`	Pike
`convert(e,string)`	Maple
`(coerce e 'string)`	Common Lisp
`prin1-to-string`	Emacs Lisp
`to string! / to-string / to ""`	Rebol
`description`	Objective-C

`export-clixml`	MSH
`Marshal.to_string`	OCaml
`Marshal.dump`	Ruby

`import-clixml`	MSH
`Marshal.from_string`	OCaml
`Marshal.load`	Ruby

`sprintf`	Awk, C, C++, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Ruby
`%`	Python, Ruby
`format (56)`	Common Lisp, Erlang, Scheme-SRFI28
`Format`	C#
`putFormat`	Beta
`stringWithFormat`	Objective-C

`puts`	C, Dylan
`print`	Awk, Basic, Java, Maple, merd, PHP, SML
`write`	JavaScript, Pascal, Pike, Yorick
`putStr`	Haskell
`print_string`	OCaml
`console`	Pliant
`writeln`	JavaScript, Pascal
`write-string`	Common Lisp
`putStrLn`	Haskell
`Put_Line`	Ada
`display`	Cobol
`message`	Emacs Lisp
`put_string`	Eiffel
`show`	Smalltalk
`print_endline (57)`	OCaml
`println (57)`	Java, merd
`put_chars`	Erlang
`echo`	PHP
`echo (57)`	sh
`emit`	Forth
`putText`	Beta
`say`	Classic REXX

`print`	Logo, Ruby
`print (57)`	Dylan, Haskell, Python, Rebol
`prin`	Rebol
`display write`	Scheme
`Put`	Ada
`p (57)`	Ruby
`puts (58)`	Ruby
`write`	Prolog
`write prin1 princ print`	Common Lisp
`princ prin1`	Emacs Lisp
`WriteLine`	C#
`nothing - just remove ";" at the end of the expression, and it will print it`	Matlab
`disp`	Matlab

`printf`	Awk, C, C++, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Ruby
`write`	Pike
`WriteLine`	C#
`putFormat`	Beta
`format (56)`	Common Lisp, Prolog

`eq ne`	Perl, Perl6, Tcl
`strcmp`	C, Matlab
`== !=`	JavaScript, Pike
`isEqualToString (59)`	Objective-C
`= \=`	Prolog
`== !=`	Awk, C#, C++, E, merd, Python, Ruby, YCP
`== /=`	Haskell
`== \=`	Oz
`= !=`	Maple, sh, XPath
`= /=`	Ada
`= \=`	Classic REXX
`= <>`	Beta, OCaml, Pliant, SML, Visual Basic
`= ~=`	Dylan, Smalltalk
`== \== or = <> \=`	Classic REXX
`== ~=`	Matlab
`equal?`	Ruby, Scheme
`equals`	Java
`equal, equalp`	Common Lisp
`is_equal`	Eiffel
`isEqual`	Objective-C

`length`	Awk, Beta, C++, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Maple, Matlab, Objective-C, OCaml, Perl, PostScript, Ruby
`LENGTH`	Classic REXX
`'Length`	Ada
`length?`	Rebol
`size`	C++, E, Ruby, Smalltalk, SML, YCP
`Length`	C#, Modula-3, Oz, Pascal
`len`	Pliant, Python, Visual Basic
`strlen`	C, PHP
`string-length`	Scheme, XPath
`sizeof`	Pike
`count`	Eiffel, Logo
`bytes chars`	Perl6
`CHARACTER_LENGTH`	SQL92

`+`	C#, C++, E, Eiffel, Java, JavaScript, merd, MSH, Pascal, Pike, Pliant, Python, Ruby, YCP
`.`	Perl, PHP
`,`	Smalltalk
`..`	Lua
`~`	Perl6
`&`	Ada, Modula-3, Visual Basic
`^`	OCaml, SML
`_`	MUMPS
`\|\|`	Cecil, Classic REXX, Icon, Maple, PL/I, SQL92
`++`	Haskell
`$a$b`	sh, Tcl
`concatenate`	Common Lisp, Dylan
`string-append`	Scheme
`cat`	Maple
`Cat`	Modula-3
`strcat`	C
`concat`	XPath
`append`	Beta, Prolog, Rebol
`stringByAppendingString`	Objective-C
	Awk, Classic REXX
`[string1 string2]`	Matlab
`word`	Logo

`*`	Ada, E, Pike, Python, Ruby
`x`	Perl, Perl6
`times`	merd
`repeat`	Pliant
`str_repeat`	PHP
`string repeat`	Tcl
`strrep`	Lua
`repmat`	Matlab
`insert/dup`	Rebol
`COPIES`	Classic REXX

`upcase / downcase`	Emacs Lisp, Ruby
`uc / lc`	Perl, Perl6
`upper / lower`	Matlab, Pliant, Python
`toUpper / toLower`	Haskell
`to_upper / to_lower`	Eiffel
`To_Upper / To_Lower`	Ada
`toUpperCase / toLowerCase`	E, Java, JavaScript
`upper_case / lower_case`	Pike
`uppercase / lowercase`	Logo, OCaml
`strupper / strlower`	Lua
`upper / lower (60)`	Lua
`ToUpper / ToLower`	C#, Oz
`toupper / tolower`	Awk, C, C++
`string toupper / string tolower`	Tcl
`asLowercase / asUppercase`	Smalltalk
`upCase / lowCase`	Beta
`uppercase form / lowercase form`	Rebol
`char-upcase / char-downcase`	Common Lisp, Scheme
`StringTools[UpperCase] / StringTools[LowerCase]`	Maple

`chr`	Haskell, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, Ruby, SML
`chr$`	Visual Basic
`char`	Matlab
`format %c $c`	Tcl
`toChar`	E
`strchar`	Lua
`from_integer`	Eiffel
`fromCharCode`	JavaScript
`character`	Pliant
`Character value: c`	Smalltalk
`code-char`	Common Lisp
`integer->char`	Scheme
`'Val`	Ada
`(char) c`	C, C#, C++, Java
`to char! / to-char`	Rebol
`X2C, D2C`	Classic REXX
`$CHAR(s)`	MUMPS
`char_code`	Prolog
`ascii`	Logo
`StringTools[Char]`	Maple

`ord`	Haskell, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, SML
`asc`	Visual Basic
`getNumericValue`	Java
`charCodeAt`	JavaScript
`asciiValue`	Smalltalk
`code`	Eiffel, OCaml
`char-code`	Common Lisp
`char->integer`	Scheme
`s[0]`	Ruby
`s 0 get`	PostScript
`scan $s %c`	Tcl
`strbyte`	Lua
`toInteger`	E
`'Pos`	Ada
`number`	Pliant
`(int) c`	C, C#, C++, Java
`to integer! / to-integer`	Rebol
`C2X, C2D`	Classic REXX
`$ASCII(s)`	MUMPS
`(done automatically when applying mathematical operations on char, such as +)`	Matlab
`char`	Logo
`char_code`	Prolog
`StringTools[Ord]`	Maple

`s[n]`	C, C#, C++, E, Maple, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby
`s(n)`	Ada, Matlab
`s:n`	Pliant
`s.[n]`	OCaml
`s !! n`	Haskell
`s @ n`	Eiffel
`s/:n`	Rebol
`string index s n`	Tcl
`sub`	SML
`char, aref, schar, svref`	Common Lisp
`GetChar`	Modula-3
`at`	Smalltalk
`at (61)`	C++
`aref`	Common Lisp
`char(s, i)`	B
`charAt`	Java, JavaScript
`characterAtIndex`	Objective-C
`n -> s.inxGet`	Beta
`string-ref`	Scheme
`$EXTRACT(s, n)`	MUMPS
`item`	Logo

`s[n..m]`	Maple, Pike, Ruby
`s(n..m)`	Ada
`s(n:m)`	Matlab
`s(n,m+1)`	E
`s[n:m+1]`	Python
`s[n,len]`	Ruby
`s n len`	Pliant
`strndup(s + n, len)`	C
`substring`	Eiffel, Java, Scheme, SML, XPath, YCP
`Substring`	C#
`substr`	C++, Perl, Perl6, PHP
`SUBSTR`	Classic REXX
`sub`	OCaml
`SUB`	Modula-3
`subseq`	Common Lisp
`slice`	JavaScript
`mid$`	JavaScript
`range`	Tcl
`copy/part at s n len`	Rebol
`copy/part at s n at s m`	Rebol
`s copyFrom: n to: m`	Smalltalk
`(n,m)->s.sub`	Beta
`[s substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(n, len)]`	Objective-C
`SUBSTRING(s FROM n len)`	SQL92
`$EXTRACT(s, n, m)`	MUMPS
`sub_string / sub_atom`	Prolog

`index`	Perl, Perl6, Ruby
`indexOf`	Java, JavaScript
`IndexOf`	C#
`startOf`	E
`search`	Common Lisp, Pike, PostScript
`StringTools[Search]`	Maple
`strstr / strchr / index`	C
`find`	Logo, Rebol, YCP
`find / index`	Python
`strfind`	Matlab
`$FIND`	MUMPS
`index / index_non_blank / find_token`	Ada
`substring_index`	Eiffel
`rangeOfString`	Objective-C
`POS`	Classic REXX
`POSITION(needle IN s)`	SQL92
`sub_string / sub_atom`	Prolog

`rindex`	OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
`rfind`	C++
`rfind / rindex`	Python
`find/last`	Rebol
`/ strrchr / rindex`	C
`index(Going => Backward)`	Ada
`lastStartOf`	E
`lastIndexOf`	Java, JavaScript
`last_index_of (62)`	Eiffel
`LastIndexOf`	C#
`(search substring string :from-end t)`	Common Lisp
`[string rangeOfString:substring options:NSBackwardsSearch]`	Objective-C
`LASTPOS`	Classic REXX
`t=strfind(s,p), t(end)`	Matlab
`StringTools[SearchAll](s,p)[-1]`	Maple