Bags and Lists

• type name

  seq	YAML
  a list	OCaml
  [a]	Haskell
  a[]	C#
  list	Maple
  List	Pliant
  Array or List	Perl6
  ARRAY or LINKED_LIST	Eiffel
  cell	Matlab

• list concatenation

  +	E, Eiffel, merd, Pike, Python, Ruby
  ,	Maple, Matlab, Smalltalk
  , (66)	Perl
  @	OCaml, SML
  ++	Haskell
  |||	Icon
  array_merge	PHP
  merge	YCP
  concat	JavaScript, Tcl
  concatenate	Dylan
  append nconc	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  append	Beta, Prolog, Rebol, Scheme
  Append	Oz
  arrayByAddingObjectsFromArray	Objective-C
  sentence	Logo

• list flattening

  one level depth

  concat	Haskell, Mercury, SML
  flatten	merd, OCaml, Prolog, YCP
  Flatten	Oz
  eval concat	Tcl
  ListTools[FlattenOnce]	Maple

  recursive

  flatten	Pike, Ruby
  ListTools[Flatten]	Maple

• list constructor

  [ a, b, c ]	E, Haskell, JavaScript, Maple, Matlab, merd, Perl, Perl6, PostScript, Prolog, Python, Ruby, SML, YAML, YCP
  ( a, b, c )	Perl, Perl6
  { a, b, c } (67)	C, C++, Lua
  #(a, b, c)	Dylan
  #(a b c) (68)	Smalltalk
  { a. b. c }	Squeak
  [ a ; b ; c ]	OCaml
  [ a b c ]	Logo, Oz, Rebol
  ({ a, b, c })	Pike
  '(a b c)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  << a, b, c >>	Eiffel
  list	Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Scheme, Tcl
  new t[] { a, b, c }	C#
  new[] { a, b, c }	C#3
  new List<t> { a, b, c}	C#3
  Array(a, b, c) (69)	JavaScript
  [NSArray arrayWithObjects:a, b, c, nil]	Objective-C
  - a - b - c	YAML

• list/array indexing

  a[i]	B, C, C#, C++, Dylan, E, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, merd, Modula-3, MSH, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby
  a*[i] or a!i or a*(i) depending on the version	BCPL
  a[i]:default	YCP
  a(i)	Ada, Matlab
  a:i	Pliant
  a/:i	Rebol
  a.(i)	OCaml
  a !! i	Haskell, Mercury
  a @ i	Eiffel
  a i get (70)	PostScript
  at (71)	Smalltalk
  at (61)	C++
  lindex	Tcl
  nth	OCaml
  Nth	Oz
  nth / aref	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  nth0 / nth1	Prolog
  list-ref / vector-ref	Scheme
  element	Dylan
  slice	Ruby
  node[i]	XPath
  objectAtIndex	Objective-C
  item	Logo

• adding an element at the beginning (list cons)

  return the new list (no side-effect)

  :	Haskell, merd
  ::	OCaml, SML
  |	Oz
  [ e | l ]	Erlang, Prolog
  [e l[]]	Maple
  [e l]	Matlab
  cons	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  pair	Dylan
  fput	Logo

  side-effect

  unshift	JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  prepend	YCP
  push_front	C++
  addFirst	Smalltalk
  insert	Rebol
  put_first	Eiffel
  push	Common Lisp
  array_unshift	PHP

• adding an element at index

  return the new list (no side-effect)

  side-effect

  [a insertObject:e atIndex:i]	Objective-C
  a.insert(i, e)	Ruby

• adding an element at the end

  return the new list (no side-effect)

  push	merd
  arrayByAddingObject	Objective-C
  lput	Logo

  side-effect

  push	JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  push_back	C++
  append	Pliant, Python, Rebol
  +=	Pliant
  add	Java, Smalltalk, YCP
  put_last	Eiffel
  array_push	PHP
  addObject	Objective-C

• first element

  head	Haskell
  hd	OCaml
  car	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  first	Eiffel, Logo, Pliant, Rebol, Smalltalk

  iterator

  head	Beta
  begin	C++

• all but the first element

  tail	Haskell
  tl	OCaml
  cdr	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  butfirst	Logo
  allButFirst	Smalltalk
  a(2:end)	Matlab
  L = [_|ButFirst]	Prolog

• last element

  last	E, Eiffel, Haskell, Logo, Pliant, Prolog, Rebol, Scheme, Smalltalk
  Last	Oz
  lastObject	Objective-C
  a[-1]	Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby
  a(end)	Matlab
  node[last()]	XPath
  (car (last lst))	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp

  iterator

• get the first element and remove it

  shift	JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  shift!	merd
  pop	Common Lisp, Logo
  removeFirst	Smalltalk
  array_shift	PHP

• get the last element and remove it

  pop	E, JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby
  pop!	merd
  array_pop	PHP
  removeLast	Smalltalk
  dequeue	Logo

• for each element do something

  each	merd, Pliant, Ruby
  for v in l ...	E, Maple, Python, Ruby
  for (v in l) ...	Awk, Dylan
  for (var v in l) { ... }	JavaScript
  For Each v in l ... Next	Visual Basic
  for v in range loop .. end loop	Ada
  for	Perl
  foreach	Logo, Lua, Perl, PHP, Pike, Rebol, Tcl
  foreach (t v in l) ...	C#
  foreach (v in l) ...	C#3
  foreach ($v in l) ...	MSH
  foreach(t v, l, { ... })	YCP
  for_each	C++
  for-each	Scheme
  forall	PostScript, Prolog
  ForAll	Oz
  iter	OCaml
  do	Smalltalk
  do_all	Eiffel
  app	SML
  mapc	Emacs Lisp
  mapM_	Haskell
  (dolist (v l) ...) (loop for v in l do ...) mapc	Common Lisp
  list.iterate (# do current ... #)	Beta

• transform a list (or bag) in another one

  map	Dylan, Haskell, Maple, Mercury, merd, OCaml, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Scheme, SML
  Map	Oz
  mapcar	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  maplist	YCP
  maplist / sublist	Prolog
  map / map.se	Logo
  for-each	XSLT
  foreach or selected	MSH
  collect	Ruby, Smalltalk
  transform	C++
  array_map	PHP
  [ f x | x <- l ] (72)	Haskell
  [ f(x) for x in l ] (72)	Python
  magical: sin(x) computes sin on each element	Matlab

• transform two lists in parallel

  map2	OCaml
  zipWith	Haskell
  Zip	Maple, Oz
  map	Dylan, Python, Scheme
  mapcar	Common Lisp
  maplist2	Prolog
  map / map.se	Logo
  l1 with: l2 collect: ...	Smalltalk
  transform	C++
  ListPair.map	SML
  magical: a binary function or operator is appliied on each element	Matlab

• find an element

  find	Haskell, merd, OCaml, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme-SRFI1, SML, YCP
  find find_if	C++
  find find-if	Common Lisp
  first (16)	Perl
  detect	Ruby, Smalltalk
  search	Pike
  ListTools[Search]	Maple
  lsearch	Tcl
  indexOfObject, indexOfObjectIdenticalTo	Objective-C
  find(a == 3)	Matlab

• keep elements matching

  find_all	OCaml, Ruby
  filter	Haskell, Mercury, merd, OCaml, Pike, Python, Scheme-SRFI1, SML, YCP
  filter!	Scheme-SRFI1
  Filter	Oz
  grep	Perl, Perl6
  where	MSH
  select	Maple, Ruby, Smalltalk
  remove-if delete-if	Common Lisp
  reject	Ruby
  choose	Dylan
  [ x | x <- l, p x ] (72)	Haskell
  [ x for x in l if p(x) ] (72)	Python
  a(a == 3)	Matlab

• f(... f(f(init, e1), e2) ..., en)

  foldl	Haskell, Maple, Mercury, merd, SML
  FoldL	Oz
  fold_left	OCaml
  fold	Scheme-SRFI1
  reduce	Common Lisp, Dylan, Perl6, Pike, Python
  reduce (16)	Perl
  inject	Ruby
  inject into	Smalltalk

• f(e1, f(e2, ... f(en, init) ...))

  foldr	Haskell, Maple, Mercury, merd, SML
  FoldR	Oz
  fold-right	Scheme-SRFI1
  fold_right	OCaml
  rreduce	Pike
  (reduce f '(e1 e2 ... en) :from-right t :initial-value init)	Common Lisp

• split a list in 2 based on a predicate

  partition	Haskell, merd, OCaml, Ruby, Scheme-SRFI1, SML
  partition!	Scheme-SRFI1
  Partition	Oz
  split-sequence (73)	Common Lisp
  ListTools[Split]	Maple

• is an element in the list

  member?	Dylan, merd, Ruby
  include?	Ruby
  mem	OCaml
  member	Common Lisp, Prolog
  member memq memv	Scheme
  Member	Oz
  memberp / member?	Logo
  contains	E, YCP
  containsObject	Objective-C
  in	JavaScript, Python, SQL92
  in_array	PHP
  includes	Smalltalk
  elem	Haskell, Mercury
  has	Eiffel
  has_value	Pike
  ismember	Matlab

• is the predicate true for an element

  any	Haskell, Matlab, Mercury, Python, Scheme-SRFI1
  any?	Dylan, Ruby
  anySatisfy	Smalltalk
  exists	OCaml, SML
  exists?	merd
  some	Common Lisp
  Some	Oz
  ormap	Maple

• is the predicate true for every element

  all	Haskell, Mercury, Python, SML
  All	Oz
  all?	merd, Ruby
  allSatisfy	Smalltalk
  every	Common Lisp, Scheme-SRFI1
  every?	Dylan
  for_all	OCaml
  andmap	Maple

• smallest / biggest element

  min / max	Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Maple, Matlab, Perl6, Pike, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk
  minimum / maximum	Haskell, Mercury, merd
  minimum-of / maximum-of	Rebol
  min minstr / max maxstr (16)	Perl
  min_element / max_element	C++

• join a list of strings in a string using a glue string

  join	JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, Rebol, Ruby
  Join	C#
  ListTools[Join]	Maple
  rjoin	E
  concat	OCaml
  strcat	Matlab
  concat_atom	Prolog
  l * glue	Pike, Ruby
  (mapconcat 'identity l glue)	Emacs Lisp
  componentsJoinedByString	Objective-C

• list size

  size	C++, Dylan, E, Java, merd, Pliant, Ruby, Smalltalk, YCP
  sizeof	Pike
  length	C#, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Mercury, OCaml, PostScript, Prolog, Ruby, Scheme, SML
  Length	Oz
  length?	Rebol
  len	Python
  llength	Tcl
  $LENGTH	MUMPS
  elems	Perl6
  getn	Lua
  count	Eiffel, Objective-C, PHP, SQL92, XPath
  size numel length	Matlab
  scalar @l	Perl
  nops	Maple

• iterate with index

  each_with_index	merd, Ruby
  foreach($l as $i => $v)	PHP
  for i => v in l	E
  for (v in l, i from 0) ... end	Dylan
  forAllInd	Oz
  foreachi	Lua
  foreach(l; typ0 i; typ1 v) { ... }	Pike
  withIndexDo	Squeak
  (loop for v in l as i upfrom 0 do ...)	Common Lisp

• remove duplicates

  uniq	merd, Perl6, Ruby
  uniq or uniq2	Pike
  unique	Matlab, Rebol
  unique (74)	C++
  nub	Haskell
  array_unique	PHP
  ListTools[MakeUnique]	Maple
  delete-duplicates delete-duplicates!	Scheme-SRFI1
  remove-duplicates	Dylan
  remove-duplicates delete-duplicates	Common Lisp
  lsort -unique	Tcl
  toset	YCP
  distinct	SQL92

• sort

  sort	C#, C++, Common Lisp, E, Eiffel, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Python, Rebol, Ruby, XSLT, YCP
  sort (75)	Scheme
  sorted	Python
  Sort	Oz
  sort_by	merd, Ruby
  sortBy	Haskell, Smalltalk
  order by	SQL92
  lsort	Tcl
  asort	Awk
  sort-object	MSH
  sortedArrayUsingSelector, sortUsingSelector	Objective-C
  sort / predsort / keysort / mergesort	Prolog

• reverse

  reverse	C++, Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Mercury, merd, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme
  Reverse	C#, Oz
  reversed	Smalltalk
  reverse_copy	C++
  rev	OCaml, SML
  array_reverse	PHP
  ListTools[Reverse]	Maple
  fliplr flipud...	Matlab

• list of couples from 2 lists

  combine	OCaml
  zip	Haskell, Maple, merd, Perl6, Python, Ruby, Scheme-SRFI1, SML
  pairlis (76)	Common Lisp
  transpose	Ruby
  [a b]	Matlab

• 2 lists from a list of couples

  split	OCaml
  unzip	Haskell, merd, SML
  unzip2	Scheme-SRFI1
  transpose	Ruby
  zip(*l)	Python
  a(1,:), a(2,:)	Matlab

• lookup an element in a association list

  lookup	Haskell
  assoc	Common Lisp, OCaml, Ruby
  assoc assq	Emacs Lisp
  assoc assq assv	Scheme
  get_assoc	Prolog
  select	Rebol
  a.(e)	Matlab
  a[e]	Maple
  gprop	Logo

• list out of a bag

  to_a	Ruby
  toArray	Java
  asArray	Smalltalk
  to_list	merd
  map-as(<list>, bag)	Dylan
  [a.(:)]	Matlab

Remarks

• (1) for C, it is not a standard convention, but it is the more widespread
• (2) any string literal would work
• (3) see also =head1, =head2, =over, etc
• (4) need "file: %script-header.r" in file header
• (5) displayed <- with a special character
• (6) variable on the right
• (7) the variable behaves like a pointer
• (8) cf horizontal layout
• (9) introduce scope
• (10) ascii representation, original uses a special charset
• (11) <> and # are synonyms
• (12) === and !== differ from == and != when the objects' type differ
• (13) for objects
• (14) normal / structural / unification / arithmetic
• (15) deep comparison
• (16) in List::Util
• (17) Univ operator
• (18) procedure call
• (19) the function is "f: g:"
• (20) special sugar for only one parameter
• (21) there really is a parameter which is the empty tuple
• (22) f is a block
• (23) when callee has special "&" prototype
• (24) this is a block, not precisely a function, but it's alike
• (25) also works for procedures: proc {$ A B} ... end
• (26) x, y, z are the parameters
• (27) method is optional
• (28) in Lua, "return xxx" can only appear before a block end
• (29) only in inline('...')
• (30) "return" is used when there is no value to return
• (31) only for anonymous function
• (32) the result goes to "e"
• (33) "break"s are mandatory, even for "default"!
• (34) Perl >= 5.8.0
• (35) cond
• (36) see also catch/throw
• (37) often provided in the abbreviated form call/cc
• (38) expression "e" is cast to the type of "v"
• (39) quite bad: only the reference is non-mutable whereas the object is still mutable
• (40) eventual send
• (41) properties are something alike attributes, but really are methods
• (42) one level depth
• (43) general deep copy function
• (44) object cloning is the default, uses the copy constructor in C++
• (45) assignment attempt
• (46) does not work on builtin types
• (47) see also callable(obj.meth) for unbound methods
• (48) usually called self
• (49) ":" is for external symbols only, recommended
• (50) directory name is package name
• (51) if names are exported using @EXPORT
• (52) if names are not exported or are exported using @EXPORT_OK
• (53) deprecated in ANSI Common Lisp, but used in ASDF
• (54) using a correspondance from the package name to the file name
• (55) when using format
• (56) but not using the C-like %-syntax
• (57) adding an end-of-line
• (58) adding an end-of-line unless already newline-terminated
• (59) faster than isEqual
• (60) Lua 5.0
• (61) is range-checked whereas a[i] is not
• (62) ESI dialect
• (63) beware of 0.0 which is true in Pike!
• (64) &, and synonyms
• (65) simple functions, not operators
• (66) flattened
• (67) restricted to initialisation of a local variable in C and C++
• (68) a b c must be constants
• (69) beware, if you give only one integer argument, it is the size!
• (70) for write access: a i o put
• (71) for write access: a :at i :put o
• (72) list comprehension
• (73) not in standard
• (74) in place
• (75) not standard, but nearly standard
• (76) the result is not guaranteed to be the same as the order in the input